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Estrogen and its receptors influence thyroid diseases, particularly in women. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) may worsen thyroid cancer, while ERβ1 shows a protective effect against it.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Thyroid diseases, including autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) and thyroid cancer (TC), predominantly affect females.
  • Estrogen plays a significant role in immune function and may influence the development of AITD.
  • The specific roles of estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes in AITD and TC pathogenesis are areas of active research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review on the influence of estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERs) on autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) and thyroid cancer (TC).
  • To highlight the potential mechanisms by which estrogen impacts immune cells relevant to AITD.
  • To summarize current understanding of ER subtype-specific roles in thyroid cancer development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on estrogen, estrogen receptors (ERs), AITD, and TC.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the effects of estrogen on immunocytes.
  • Examination of research on ER subtype expression and function in thyroid cancer.

Main Results:

  • Estrogen can modulate various immunocyte subsets, potentially contributing to AITD development.
  • Direct studies on ER subtype-specific effects in AITD are limited.
  • Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) activation appears to promote TC, whereas wild-type estrogen receptor beta 1 (ERβ1) demonstrates a protective role in TC.

Conclusions:

  • Estrogen and its receptors are implicated in the female predilection observed in thyroid diseases.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise ER subtype-specific mechanisms in AITD.
  • Differential roles of ERα and ERβ1 in thyroid cancer suggest potential therapeutic targets.