Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Transduction01:16

Transduction

2.5K
Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
2.5K
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

2.4K
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
2.4K
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

85.8K
Overview
85.8K
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

1.8K
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
1.8K
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

1.1K
The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
1.1K
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

4.0K
The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
4.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Analyzing multidimensional formal dynamic models in psychology: A tutorial using graphical tools.

Behavior research methods·2026
Same author

Cognition without brains? Learning and memory in microorganisms.

Trends in microbiology·2026
Same author

Sociability is a Multidimensional Trait in Drosophila melanogaster.

Behavior genetics·2026
Same author

Prevalence and distribution of two polycipiviruses in wild black garden ants (Lasius niger L.) in the Netherlands.

Journal of invertebrate pathology·2026
Same author

Genome wide association study of vaginal microbiota genetic diversity in French women.

Open research Europe·2026
Same author

Resource landscape shapes the composition and stability of the human vaginal microbiota.

PLoS biology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
08:32

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

11.0K

Coevolutionary feedback elevates constitutive immune defence: a protein network model.

Tsukushi Kamiya1,2, Leonardo Oña3, Bregje Wertheim3

  • 1Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, CC Groningen, 9700, The Netherlands. tsukushi.kamiya@mail.utoronto.ca.

BMC Evolutionary Biology
|May 7, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parasite coevolution shifts optimal host defense from induced to constitutive immunity, particularly when parasite detection is hindered. This highlights how antagonistic coevolution shapes immune strategies.

Keywords:
Constitutive immunityHost-parasite coevolutionImmune network evolutionIndividual-based simulationInduced immunityOptimal defence

More Related Videos

Inoculating Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes with Beads to Induce and Measure the Melanization Immune Response
08:24

Inoculating Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes with Beads to Induce and Measure the Melanization Immune Response

Published on: January 12, 2017

8.4K
Author Spotlight: Advancing Immune Monitoring in Critical Care Patients Using Whole Blood Assays
06:03

Author Spotlight: Advancing Immune Monitoring in Critical Care Patients Using Whole Blood Assays

Published on: September 20, 2024

1.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
08:32

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

11.0K
Inoculating Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes with Beads to Induce and Measure the Melanization Immune Response
08:24

Inoculating Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes with Beads to Induce and Measure the Melanization Immune Response

Published on: January 12, 2017

8.4K
Author Spotlight: Advancing Immune Monitoring in Critical Care Patients Using Whole Blood Assays
06:03

Author Spotlight: Advancing Immune Monitoring in Critical Care Patients Using Whole Blood Assays

Published on: September 20, 2024

1.9K

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Immunology
  • Theoretical ecology

Background:

  • Organisms balance constitutive (always-on) and induced (response-triggered) defenses against natural enemies.
  • Constitutive defense is costly but immediate, while induced defense is cheaper but slow.
  • Existing models overlook genotype-specific host-parasite interactions in defense strategy optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of parasite coevolution on the optimal balance between constitutive and induced host defense.
  • To model host-parasite interactions using a signal-transduction network inspired by invertebrate innate immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a signal-transduction network model.
  • Analyzed the effects of parasite counter-evolution on specific immune components (receptors and effectors).
  • Simulated coevolutionary feedback loops between host immunity and parasite populations.

Main Results:

  • Parasite coevolution favors increased constitutive immunity over induced immunity when parasites evolve to evade detection by host receptors.
  • Parasite evolution against effectors does not change the optimal defense balance; hosts may opt for tolerance if effectors are ineffective.
  • Host-parasite coevolutionary dynamics are crucial in determining optimal immune defense strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Parasite coevolution significantly alters optimal host defense allocation, shifting towards constitutive immunity.
  • The impact of coevolution on defense strategy depends on whether parasites target immune recognition (receptors) or elimination (effectors).
  • Understanding coevolutionary feedback is essential for predicting immune system evolution.