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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management01:20

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AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Rheumatoid arthritis.

Josef S Smolen1, Daniel Aletaha2, Iain B McInnes3

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; 2nd Department of Medicine, Hietzing Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

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Early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment, especially for patients with risk factors. Current strategies involve monitoring disease activity and using various disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, but new therapies are needed for non-responders.

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease leading to cartilage/bone damage and disability.
  • Early diagnosis and risk factor identification are vital for successful RA management.
  • Despite advances, many RA patients do not respond to existing therapies, highlighting a need for new treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide current insights into rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  • To cover genetics, aetiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, assessment, and treatment strategies for RA.
  • To identify unmet needs in RA patient care.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  • Analysis of genetics, aetiology, pathophysiology, and epidemiology.
  • Evaluation of current assessment tools and therapeutic agents.
  • Discussion of treatment strategies and unmet needs.

Main Results:

  • RA management involves disease activity measurement and a treat-to-target strategy.
  • Conventional, biological, and new non-biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are used.
  • Dose reduction is considered after achieving remission or low disease activity.

Conclusions:

  • While RA treatment has improved, significant unmet needs remain for non-responsive patients.
  • Continued research into RA genetics, pathophysiology, and novel therapeutics is essential.
  • Optimizing RA treatment strategies requires a comprehensive approach, including early diagnosis and personalized therapy.