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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

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Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
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Introduction to Membrane Traffic01:44

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The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
The transport of soluble and membrane proteins is mediated by transport vesicles that collect cargo from one cellular compartment and deliver it to another by fusing with the target organelle membrane. The Rab...
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ER Retrieval Pathway01:45

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In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
The ER uses many checkpoints to prevent the entry of incorrectly folded or a resident protein as cargo onto a transport vesicle. These mechanisms...
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COP Coated Vesicles00:59

COP Coated Vesicles

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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

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Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Analysis of Endocytic Uptake and Retrograde Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network Using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells
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Retromer-Mediated Protein Sorting and Vesicular Trafficking.

Jia-Jia Liu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.

Journal of Genetics and Genomics = Yi Chuan Xue Bao
|May 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Retromer, a protein complex, is crucial for intracellular transport and cellular processes. This review highlights recent advances in understanding retromer

Keywords:
EndosomeNeurodegenerationProtein sorting and traffickingRetromerSorting nexin

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Retromer is an evolutionarily conserved multimeric protein complex.
  • It mediates intracellular transport of vesicular cargoes and regulates diverse cellular processes.
  • Retromer interacts with Rab GTPases, lipids, motors, and actin factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress in understanding retromer-mediated protein sorting and vesicle trafficking.
  • To discuss the role of retromer in developmental, physiological, and pathological processes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on retromer function.
  • Analysis of retromer's interactions with cellular components.
  • Synthesis of findings on retromer's contribution to various biological contexts.

Main Results:

  • Retromer regulates transmembrane protein sorting from endosomes to the TGN and plasma membrane.
  • Recent studies have elucidated novel mechanisms of retromer regulation and function.
  • Retromer's role extends to polarized trafficking, developmental signaling, and lysosome biogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Retromer is a key regulator of intracellular trafficking with broad implications.
  • Further research into retromer function can illuminate its role in health and disease.
  • Understanding retromer mechanisms is vital for comprehending cellular organization and function.