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Related Concept Videos

Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base01:23

Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base

3.2K
Titration of a polyprotic acid, which contains multiple ionizable protons, involves distinct dissociation steps, each with its own dissociation constant (Ka). Each successive Ka is weaker than the previous one. In the titration of a polyprotic acid like sulfurous acid with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the base first neutralizes the initial ionizable proton, forming an intermediate species (e.g., hydrogen sulfite ions). This step's titration curve resembles that of a weak...
3.2K
Titration of a Polyprotic Acid02:08

Titration of a Polyprotic Acid

107.2K
A polyprotic acid contains more than one ionizable hydrogen and undergoes a stepwise ionization process.  If the acid dissociation constants of the ionizable protons differ sufficiently from each other, then the titration curve for such polyprotic acid generates a distinct equivalence point for each of its ionizable hydrogens. Therefore, titration of a diprotic acid results in the formation of two equivalence points, whereas the titration of a triprotic acid results in the formation of three...
107.2K
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base01:08

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base

5.3K
Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed, say, for the titration of a weak acid with a weak base, the titration curve plots the change in pH as a function of the volume of base added. Take the titration of acetic acid with ammonia, for instance. During the titration, these two species form ammonium acetate and water, but the pH change is slow and gradual.
As a result, there is no simple...
5.3K
Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

34.0K
Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
34.0K
Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid01:18

Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid

6.1K
The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the titration curve. At the first equivalence point, the carbonate ions in the base are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The second equivalence point corresponds to the complete conversion of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid, which dissociates into carbon dioxide and water. The region before the first equivalence point corresponds to the...
6.1K
Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH01:19

Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH

1.0K
Polyprotic acids of the type H2M constitute two ionizable protons. As a result, on titration with a base, they exhibit two equivalence points in the titration curve. During titration, the species H2M, HM−, and M2− will be present in the solution at different points. The fractions of H2M, HM−, and M2− present at the various instances of the titration are denoted by α0, α1, and α2, respectively.
A graph with the alpha values is plotted against the volume of...
1.0K

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Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method
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Alkaptonuria.

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    A woman with chronic joint pain experienced worsening hip pain. Hip arthroscopy revealed an unusual bluish femoral head, prompting further spinal imaging.

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedics
    • Radiology
    • Rheumatology

    Background:

    • A 50-year-old female patient presented with chronic polyarthropathy, including persistent back and shoulder pain, and escalating hip discomfort.
    • Initial evaluation included magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the hip, which diagnosed a lateral labral tear and chronic trochanteric bursitis.

    Observation:

    • Hip arthroscopy was performed due to the hip pain and diagnosed conditions.
    • During the arthroscopic procedure, an atypical bluish discoloration of the femoral head articular surface was noted.

    Findings:

    • The hip MRI was otherwise unremarkable, suggesting the bluish discoloration was not indicative of common findings like avascular necrosis or severe osteoarthritis.
    • The intraoperative observation of a bluish-tinged femoral head articular surface is a rare finding requiring further investigation.

    Implications:

    • This unusual finding warrants further investigation to determine its underlying cause and clinical significance.
    • Additional computed tomography (CT) scans of the spine were obtained, suggesting a potential systemic or referred pain component to the patient's presentation.