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Catenins are characterized by multiple binding domains and dynamic structures that allow them to function as linker proteins in cell junction complexes. All catenins, except α-catenin, contain a characteristic protein sequence called the armadillo repeat and are therefore also called armadillo proteins.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Subretinal Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Tissue in a Feline Large Animal Model
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Cat Got Your Eye?

S Ahmed1, D Daberkow1, M Eschete1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Leonard J. Chabert Medical Center, Houma, Louisiana.

The Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society : Official Organ of the Louisiana State Medical Society
|May 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Bartonella henselae, the cause of Cat Scratch Disease (CSD), is a gram-negative bacterium. While typically causing fever and swollen lymph nodes, it can rarely lead to neuroretinitis in patients.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Ophthalmology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Bartonella henselae is a gram-negative bacterium responsible for Cat Scratch Disease (CSD).
  • CSD commonly presents with lymphadenopathy and fever.
  • Ocular manifestations, such as neuroretinitis, are rare complications of CSD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the clinical spectrum of Bartonella henselae infections.
  • To highlight the occurrence of neuroretinitis as a rare sequela of CSD.
  • To inform clinicians about potential atypical presentations of CSD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Bartonella henselae infections.
  • Analysis of case reports detailing CSD complications.
  • Review of diagnostic criteria and clinical outcomes for neuroretinitis in CSD patients.

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Main Results:

  • Bartonella henselae infections typically manifest as Cat Scratch Disease.
  • Lymphadenopathy and fever are the most common symptoms.
  • Neuroretinitis occurs in a small percentage (1%-2%) of CSD cases, representing a significant ocular complication.

Conclusions:

  • Bartonella henselae poses a risk for diverse clinical outcomes beyond typical CSD symptoms.
  • Neuroretinitis is an important, albeit infrequent, neurological and ocular complication to consider in CSD patients.
  • Early recognition and management of CSD, including its rare complications, are crucial for patient prognosis.