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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

27
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

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Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

249
In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
249
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Active Drug, Metabolite and Fraction of Metabolized Drug01:14

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Active Drug, Metabolite and Fraction of Metabolized Drug

289
In pharmacotherapy, monitoring drug concentrations is paramount, especially for drugs whose therapeutic effects hinge on both the active compound and its metabolite. Hepatic impairment profoundly influences drug potency by altering liver function. If the drug is more potent than its metabolite, impaired liver function amplifies drug activity due to elevated drug concentration levels. Conversely, if the metabolite holds greater potency, diminished liver function diminishes drug activity by...
289
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

331
Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
331

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms
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MACROBID INDUCED HEPATITIS.

N Lapara1, S Chennamsetty1, P Chaudhari1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, Lafayette, Louisiana.

The Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society : Official Organ of the Louisiana State Medical Society
|May 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Over 900 substances, including drugs, can cause liver injury. Medications are a significant cause, responsible for 20-40% of acute liver failure cases.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Toxicology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant clinical concern.
  • Over 900 distinct drugs, toxins, and herbs are known to potentially cause liver damage.
  • DILI is a leading cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in many countries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the spectrum of liver injury caused by various exogenous agents.
  • To highlight the contribution of pharmaceutical agents to the burden of liver disease.
  • To provide an overview of the etiological factors in drug-induced liver injury.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of reported cases of liver injury.
  • Analysis of etiological agents implicated in liver damage.

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  • Statistical evaluation of the proportion of drug-induced cases among all instances of fulminant hepatic failure.

    • Main Results:

    • A wide array of over 900 agents, encompassing drugs, toxins, and herbs, have been associated with liver injury.
    • Pharmaceuticals are a primary driver of liver damage, accounting for a substantial proportion of cases.
    • Drugs are implicated in 20-40% of all cases of fulminant hepatic failure.

    Conclusions:

    • The list of potential hepatotoxic agents is extensive, underscoring the need for vigilance.
    • Drug-induced liver injury represents a major contributor to severe liver damage and acute liver failure.
    • Awareness of drug hepatotoxicity is crucial for healthcare professionals and patients alike.