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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

38.1K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
38.1K
Solubility03:00

Solubility

22.0K
Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules,...
22.0K
Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Solubility Enhancement01:16

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Solubility Enhancement

422
Bioavailability is a critical factor in determining a drug's effectiveness. It refers to the proportion of a drug that enters the circulation when introduced into the body and is, as a result, able to have an active effect. Enhancing bioavailability is essential for drugs with poor solubility, as it can significantly impact their therapeutic efficacy. Various methods are employed to increase the solubility of drugs, thereby enhancing their bioavailability.Micronization and nanonization are...
422
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

1.3K
Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
1.3K
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

649
Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
649
Solubility Equilibria: Overview01:09

Solubility Equilibria: Overview

1.8K
When a substance such as sodium chloride is added to water, it dissolves, forming an aqueous solution. The extent of dissolution is called solubility. The process of dissolution can exist in equilibrium, just like other chemical processes. Solubility equilibria are also called precipitation equilibria because the process of solubility can be reversible. The reverse of the solubility process is called precipitation.
Solubility is important in biological and environmental processes. A notable...
1.8K

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Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Extending the Lifespan of Soluble Lead Flow Batteries with a Sodium Acetate Additive
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Solubility-driven lead optimisation: Recent examples and personal perspectives.

Nadia M Ahmad1

  • 1Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RY, United Kingdom.

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
|May 11, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Medicinal chemists often overlook solubility, a key factor for drug success. This review highlights solubility-driven optimization and advanced measurement techniques like quantitative NMR for better drug development.

Keywords:
Kinetic solubilitySolubilityThermodynamic solubilityqNMR

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Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Drug Discovery
  • Physicochemical Properties

Background:

  • Solubility is a critical physicochemical parameter for successful clinical drug candidates.
  • The importance of solubility measurement in lead optimization is often underappreciated in medicinal chemistry literature.
  • Acquiring high-quality solubility data can be challenging, limiting its routine use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review solubility-driven lead optimization programs from the past 15 years.
  • To explore recent advancements in solubility measurement techniques.
  • To emphasize the potential of quantitative NMR for efficient and accurate solubility determination.

Main Methods:

  • Review of published solubility-driven drug optimization case studies.
  • Exploration of emerging solubility measurement technologies.
  • Highlighting quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (qNMR) as a key technique.

Main Results:

  • Examples of successful lead optimization programs driven by solubility improvements were identified.
  • Recent developments offer improved methods for solubility assessment.
  • Quantitative NMR presents a promising approach for cost-effective, high-throughput solubility measurements.

Conclusions:

  • Solubility is a crucial, yet sometimes neglected, parameter in drug discovery.
  • Advanced techniques like quantitative NMR can enhance the efficiency and quality of solubility assessments.
  • Integrating solubility considerations early and effectively can improve the success rate of clinical candidates.