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Optimizing Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery: A Fully 3D CT O-Arm Navigated Workflow in MIS TLIF
Published on: October 17, 2025
Yvonne Y Cheung1, Eric M Goodman1, Tomiwa O Osunkoya1
1From the Departments of Radiology (Y.Y.C.) and Performance Improvement (T.O.O.), Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03756; and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass (E.M.G.).
This study aimed to reduce patient wait times during musculoskeletal imaging procedures by improving workflow efficiency. The team used the Lean Six Sigma DMAIC approach to identify and address inefficiencies in the process. They collected data, mapped the workflow, and used tools like value stream mapping and fishbone diagrams to pinpoint sources of delay. The team tested improvements using PDSA cycles and sustained gains through ongoing monitoring. The project successfully reduced patient time of stay, and the authors suggest that the structured approach could be useful in other clinical settings.
Area of Science:
Background:
Inefficient workflows in medical imaging can lead to extended patient wait times, reducing the quality of care and patient satisfaction. Prior research has shown that procedural delays are often the result of systemic inefficiencies rather than individual performance. It was already known that musculoskeletal procedures require precise coordination among multiple clinical roles. However, no prior work had resolved how to systematically address these delays within a radiology department. That uncertainty drove the need for a structured quality improvement initiative. The gap in understanding how to streamline such workflows motivated the development of a targeted project. This gap motivated the adoption of a process improvement framework to evaluate and enhance workflow efficiency. The study aimed to address this gap by applying a well-defined methodology to reduce patient time of stay.
Purpose Of The Study:
The goal of this project was to reduce patient time of stay during image-guided musculoskeletal procedures by optimizing workflow efficiency. The specific problem addressed was the increasing demand for procedures outpacing the department’s capacity to deliver timely care. The motivation stemmed from the need to improve patient experience and clinical outcomes. The team sought to implement a structured quality improvement approach to identify and eliminate workflow inefficiencies. The project was designed to test whether a systematic process could lead to measurable improvements in patient time of stay. The team aimed to apply the Lean Six Sigma DMAIC framework to evaluate and refine the workflow. The study was intended to provide a replicable model for other departments facing similar challenges. The researchers proposed that a structured process improvement approach could yield significant gains in efficiency.
Main Methods:
The project team followed the Lean Six Sigma DMAIC approach to guide their quality improvement efforts. In the define stage, the team identified stakeholders and created a project charter using VOC and SIPOC diagrams. During the measure phase, data collection and process mapping were used to document the current workflow. The team applied value stream mapping to identify sources of waste in the existing process. In the analyze stage, a fishbone diagram helped pinpoint root causes of long wait times. Scatter plots were used to explore correlations between time variables and workflow steps. Brainstorming sessions generated potential solutions, which were tested using PDSA cycles. The control phase ensured that improvements were sustained through ongoing monitoring and scheduled reviews.
Main Results:
The project successfully reduced patient time of stay during musculoskeletal procedures. The structured Lean Six Sigma approach enabled the team to identify and address key inefficiencies. Data collection revealed that certain procedural steps contributed disproportionately to delays. Process mapping highlighted redundant or unnecessary tasks that could be eliminated. The fishbone diagram identified communication gaps and scheduling issues as root causes of long wait times. The team implemented targeted changes based on PDSA cycles and observed measurable improvements. Box plots and scheduled reviews confirmed that the changes were effective and sustainable. The authors suggest that the methodology used could be applied to other departments facing similar workflow challenges.
Conclusions:
The authors suggest that the Lean Six Sigma approach provided a clear and effective way to streamline workflow and reduce patient time of stay. The structured process allowed the team to systematically identify and address inefficiencies. The results indicate that workflow optimization can significantly improve patient experience and departmental efficiency. The authors propose that the methodology is adaptable and could be used in other clinical settings. The study demonstrates that a team-based approach is essential for successful quality improvement initiatives. The authors suggest that ongoing monitoring is necessary to maintain gains in efficiency. The project highlights the importance of involving multiple stakeholders in workflow improvement efforts. The authors propose that similar structured approaches could help reduce delays in other areas of clinical care.
The project successfully reduced patient time of stay during musculoskeletal procedures using the Lean Six Sigma approach.
The team used value stream mapping, fishbone diagrams, and scatter plots to identify sources of waste and root causes of delays.
The researchers propose that the framework provided a structured and logical approach to process improvement that was easy to follow.
PDSA cycles were used to test and implement selected improvement ideas in a controlled and iterative manner.
Box plots and scheduled reviews were used to monitor progress and ensure that gains were maintained over time.
The authors suggest that the methodology could be applied in other departments to reduce delays and improve workflow efficiency.