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Related Concept Videos

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias I: Sinus Arrhythmias01:16

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias I: Sinus Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmias are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that lead to abnormal heartbeats. These irregularities can originate from different parts of the heart and are classified based on their origin and nature.
Types of Arrhythmias
Sinus Node Arrhythmias
Sinus Bradycardia: Originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node, sinus bradycardia involves slower impulses, resulting in a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute (bpm). Causes include sleep, vagal stimulation, beta-blockers, hypothyroidism,...
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Conduction System of the Heart01:20

Conduction System of the Heart

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The cardiac conduction system produces and transmits electrical impulses that prompt myocardial contraction, ensuring efficient heart function. This intricate system ensures that the heart beats in a coordinated and efficient manner, beginning with the atria and then the ventricles. The conduction system optimizes cardiac output by maintaining this precise sequence, which is crucial for adequate blood circulation.
This system relies on the unique properties of nodal and Purkinje cells:...
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Conduction System of the Heart01:19

Conduction System of the Heart

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Autorhythmicity is a term that refers to the heart's inherent ability to generate electrical signals and instigate muscle contractions. This self-regulating conduction system within the heart consists of two key components: the pacemaker cells and specialized conducting cells.
The pacemaker cells are located in two primary nodes: the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node. The SA node pacemaker cells can autonomously depolarize, triggering an action potential that leads to the...
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Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Microelectrode Array Recording of Sinoatrial Node Firing Rate to Identify Intrinsic Cardiac Pacemaking Defects in Mice
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Microelectrode Array Recording of Sinoatrial Node Firing Rate to Identify Intrinsic Cardiac Pacemaking Defects in Mice

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Sinus Node and Atrial Arrhythmias.

Roy M John1, Saurabh Kumar2

  • 1From Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. rjohn2@partners.org.

Circulation
|May 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and atrial fibrillation (AF) often coexist due to shared atrial remodeling. Treatment for SND and AF depends on whether AF or fibrotic atrial cardiomyopathy predominates.

Keywords:
ablation, catheteratrial fibrillationatrial standstillpacemaker, artificialsick sinus syndromesinoatrial node

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology
  • Atrial Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and atrial arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation (AF), frequently coexist.
  • The precise mechanisms linking SND and AF remain incompletely understood.
  • Both conditions involve atrial myocardial structural and electrical remodeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on sinus node pathophysiology.
  • To elucidate the complex relationship between sinus node disease and atrial arrhythmias.
  • To inform tailored treatment strategies based on disease phenotype.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of contemporary research on SND and AF.
  • Analysis of pathophysiologic mechanisms, including genetic and structural factors.
  • Synthesis of information regarding treatment approaches for combined SND and AF.

Main Results:

  • SND can be caused by electrical remodeling from AF, or both conditions can arise from progressive atrial structural remodeling.
  • Atrial fibrillation is often associated with left atrial triggers and substrate.
  • Sinus node dysfunction is linked to structural changes, particularly in the right atrium.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment strategies for SND and AF must be individualized based on the predominant phenotype.
  • Catheter ablation benefits patients with AF and secondary SND.
  • Cardiac pacing is a primary therapy for patients with predominant fibrotic atrial cardiomyopathy.