Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

10.0K
Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
10.0K
Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

4.4K
A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
4.4K
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

17.7K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
17.7K
The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

5.0K
The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
5.0K
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

5.9K
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
5.9K
Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane01:12

Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane

5.1K
Porins are beta-barrel proteins translocated to the mitochondrial outer membrane through the TOM complex into the intermembrane space. Porin precursors bind TIM chaperones within the intermembrane space and are guided to the Sorting and Assembly Machinery complex or SAM complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Three models describe the assembly of porins by the SAM complex and their insertion into the outer membrane. Model 1 suggests that porins are assembled outside the SAM channel as the...
5.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Universal diseased-site targeting via glycolysis-driven lactic acid gradient.

Science advances·2026
Same author

Label-free interferometry platform for drug response profiling of bioprinted tumor organoids at single-organoid resolution.

Nature protocols·2026
Same author

Mitochondrial transfer technologies with molecular insights into clinical applications.

Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio)·2026
Same author

Characterization of Mitochondrial Double-Stranded RNA Levels in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma.

Cancer research communications·2026
Same author

A proimmunotoxin nanodrug targeting AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society·2026
Same author

β-adrenergic signaling modulates breast cancer cell mechanical behaviors through a RhoA-ROCK-myosin II axis.

iScience·2025
Same journal

AARS1 promotes tumor progression and immune evasion via ATF6 lactylation-mediated tryptophan metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Cell metabolism·2026
Same journal

Reactive species as regulators of immune cell metabolism, tolerance, and autoimmunity.

Cell metabolism·2026
Same journal

The interplay between the microbiome and immune cells in metabolic homeostasis and disease.

Cell metabolism·2026
Same journal

The metabolic basis of regulated cell death.

Cell metabolism·2026
Same journal

Gut microbiota-derived lysine phenylacetylation impairs mitochondrial function and is alleviated by SIRT3.

Cell metabolism·2026
Same journal

Methionine-supplemented longevity diet increases growth hormone, GLP-1, and FGF21; reduces frailty; and promotes healthspan.

Cell metabolism·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Techniques and Discoveries in Protein Synthesis and Assembly Through Innovative Mitochondrial Research
09:53

Author Spotlight: Advancing Techniques and Discoveries in Protein Synthesis and Assembly Through Innovative Mitochondrial Research

Published on: June 7, 2024

1.7K

Modifying the Mitochondrial Genome.

Alexander N Patananan1, Ting-Hsiang Wu2, Pei-Yu Chiou3

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

Cell Metabolism
|May 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Manipulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is challenging but crucial for understanding and treating mitochondrial diseases. New techniques offer hope for advancing mitochondrial research and therapies.

More Related Videos

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing
07:24

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing

Published on: February 10, 2023

2.1K
An In Vitro Approach to Study Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cybrid Model
06:05

An In Vitro Approach to Study Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cybrid Model

Published on: March 9, 2022

4.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Techniques and Discoveries in Protein Synthesis and Assembly Through Innovative Mitochondrial Research
09:53

Author Spotlight: Advancing Techniques and Discoveries in Protein Synthesis and Assembly Through Innovative Mitochondrial Research

Published on: June 7, 2024

1.7K
Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing
07:24

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing

Published on: February 10, 2023

2.1K
An In Vitro Approach to Study Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cybrid Model
06:05

An In Vitro Approach to Study Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cybrid Model

Published on: March 9, 2022

4.5K

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Human mitochondria generate ATP and metabolites essential for cellular functions.
  • Mitochondria contain multiple copies of a maternally inherited genome (mtDNA) encoding key respiratory chain proteins.
  • mtDNA mutations are linked to severe health conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) manipulation techniques.
  • To explore the potential of mitochondrial reverse genetics for advancing research and clinical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of existing methods like microinjection, cytoplasmic fusion, and nucleic acid import.
  • Overview of emerging strategies including genomic DNA transfer, somatic cell reprogramming, and photothermal nanoblade technology.

Main Results:

  • Current mtDNA manipulation methods face significant efficiency and limitation challenges.
  • A range of techniques are being explored to alter the mtDNA sequence in target cells.

Conclusions:

  • Overcoming the barrier of mtDNA sequence manipulation is critical for mitochondrial biology.
  • Advancements in mitochondrial reverse genetics hold promise for future research and therapeutic interventions for mtDNA disorders.