[60]Fullerene-peptides: bio-nano conjugates with structural and chemical diversity

[60]Fullerene-peptides represent a simple yet chemically diverse example of a bio-nano conjugate. The C₆₀ moiety provides the following attributes to the conjugate: (a) precise three-dimensional architecture, (b) a large hydrophobic mass and (c) unique electronic properties. Conversely, the peptide component provides: (a) structural diversity depending on the overall length and amino acids composition, (b) charge flexibility and (c) secondary structure and recognition. Recent advances in the synthetic strategy for [60]fullerene-peptide synthesis from both pre-formed peptides and using solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) are described. The effects of the hydrophobic C₆₀ on the secondary structure of the peptide depend on the sequence of the latter, but in general the relative stability of particular structures is greatly enhanced. The ability of the [60]fullerene substituent to dramatically modify both cellular uptake and transdermal transport is discussed as is the effects on cell viability and antimicrobial activity.