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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

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Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation reactions,...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Relative Stabilities of Alkenes01:59

Relative Stabilities of Alkenes

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The relative stability of alkenes can be determined by comparing their heats of hydrogenation. The lower heat of hydrogenation indicates the more stable alkene.  The three main factors determining the relative stability of alkenes are i) the number of substituents attached to the double-bond carbon atoms, ii) hyperconjugation, and iii) the stereochemistry of the double bond.
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Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
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Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

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Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
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Hydrogenated superalkalis and their possible applications.

Ambrish Kumar Srivastava1, Neeraj Misra2

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Journal of Molecular Modeling
|May 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Hydrogenated superalkalis (SAHs) exhibit remarkable stability and unique properties. These compounds show strong basicity and enhanced nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics, with potential applications as reducing agents and in supersalts.

Keywords:
Ab initio calculationsBasicityNLO propertiesStabilitySuperalkali hydride

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Area of Science:

  • Computational Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Superalkali species have lower ionization energies than alkali metals, enabling unique compound formation.
  • Hydrogenated superalkalis (SAHs) represent a novel class of compounds with potential for interesting chemical and physical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structures and properties of hydrogenated superalkalis (SAHs) like FLi2H, OLi3H, and NLi4H.
  • To explore the gas phase basicity and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of these novel SAH species.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ab initio calculations at the MP2/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory.
  • Analyzed thermodynamic stability, gas phase basicity, and mean hyperpolarizability.

Main Results:

  • All investigated SAH species (FLi2H, OLi3H, NLi4H) were found to be thermodynamically stable.
  • NLi4H isomers demonstrated high proton affinity (1187-1226 kJ mol⁻¹) and significant mean hyperpolarizability (1.5×10³-3.7×10³ a.u.).
  • Basicity and NLO properties increase with the size of the superalkali cluster (FLi2 < OLi3 < NLi4).

Conclusions:

  • Hydrogenated superalkalis are stable salts formed between superalkali cations and hydride anions.
  • These compounds exhibit strong basicity and enhanced NLO properties, making them promising for applications.
  • Potential applications include use as reducing agents and as building blocks for supersalts.