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Related Concept Videos

Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

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The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
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Phosphodiester Linkages01:01

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Overview
Phosphodiester bond forms when a phosphoric acid molecule (H3PO4) links with two hydroxyl groups (–OH) of two other molecules, forming two ester bonds. Two water molecules are released in this process. The phosphodiester bond is commonly found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and plays a critical role in their structure and function.
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DNA probes are fragments of DNA labeled with a reporter tag to enable their detection or purification. The resulting labeled DNA probes can then hybridize to target nucleic acid sequences through complementary base-pairing, and may be used to recover or identify these regions.
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In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

A Novel Saturation Mutagenesis Approach: Single Step Characterization of Regulatory Protein Binding Sites in RNA Using Phosphorothioates
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Structural investigation into physiological DNA phosphorothioate modification.

Wenxian Lan1, Zhongpei Hu1, Jie Shen1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.

Scientific Reports
|May 13, 2016
PubMed
Summary

DNA phosphorothioate (PT) modification in bacteria offers dual benefits. It acts as an antioxidant against hydrogen peroxide and serves as a marker for restriction enzymes, protecting the host bacterium.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • DNA phosphorothioate (PT) modification, a bacterial variation, involves replacing phosphate oxygen with sulfur.
  • The functional impact of PT modification on DNA properties remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of PT modification on DNA stability, anti-oxidation properties, and structure.
  • To elucidate the role of PT modification in bacterial defense mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of three dsDNA decamers: PT-free, [Sp, Sp]-PT, and [Rp, Rp]-PT.
  • Melting temperature (Tm) analysis for stability.
  • Electron transfer potential detection for anti-oxidation.
  • NMR structural analysis.

Main Results:

  • [Rp, Rp]-PT dsDNA exhibited the lowest melting temperature, indicating reduced stability.
  • Anti-oxidation capacity followed the order: Sp-PT DNA > Rp-PT DNA > PT-free DNA.
  • NMR structures confirmed B-form DNA conformation, with sulfur in [Rp, Rp]-PT located in the major groove, causing steric effects and facilitating ScoMcrA interaction.

Conclusions:

  • PT modification does not alter DNA's B-form conformation but influences stability and interactions.
  • PT modification provides antioxidant protection and acts as a specific marker for restriction enzymes like ScoMcrA, aiding bacterial defense.