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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

27
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
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Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

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The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

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Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
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Chronic Pancreatitis II: Collaborative Care01:29

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Collaborative Care

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The management of chronic pancreatitis is multifaceted, involving a comprehensive approach that includes thorough assessment, diagnostic testing, and a variety of management strategies.
Assessment:
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
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Chronic Hepatitis D; at a Standstill?

Mario Rizzetto1

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.

Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 13, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Chronic hepatitis D (CHD) therapy is limited. New strategies targeting hepatitis D virus (HDV) entry, replication, and assembly show promise in reducing viral load and HBsAg, offering hope for effective CHD treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Drug Development

Background:

  • Chronic hepatitis D (CHD) is a severe liver disease caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV).
  • Current interferon-based therapies offer limited efficacy, with only 25% achieving sustained viral response.
  • HDV's reliance on host machinery and hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) presents therapeutic challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review novel therapeutic strategies for chronic hepatitis D.
  • To evaluate emerging treatments targeting HDV entry, replication, and virion assembly.

Main Methods:

  • Review of in vitro and in vivo studies on novel CHD therapeutics.
  • Analysis of clinical data from proof-of-concept studies.

Main Results:

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  • Myrcludex B inhibits HDV entry into hepatocytes by blocking the NTCP transporter.
  • Nucleic acid polymer REP-2139 reduces serum HBsAg and HDV-RNA by blocking entry and inhibiting synthesis.
  • Prenylation inhibitor lonafarnib demonstrated reduction in HDV viremia in a human proof-of-concept study.

Conclusions:

  • Novel therapeutic strategies targeting distinct HDV life cycle stages are under investigation.
  • These emerging therapies, including entry inhibitors, nucleic acid polymers, and prenylation inhibitors, show potential for improved CHD treatment outcomes.
  • Further research and clinical trials are necessary to establish the efficacy and safety of these novel agents.