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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible...
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Hepatitis E Virus: Time to Change the Textbooks.

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is now common in developed countries, primarily affecting middle-aged males via zoonotic genotype 3. This virus can cause persistent infections and neurological issues, expanding beyond acute hepatitis.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was previously considered absent in developed nations.
  • Locally acquired HEV infections are now recognized as common in these regions.
  • HEV in developed countries is typically genotype 3, zoonotic, and affects middle-aged to elderly males.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate the changing epidemiology of HEV in developed countries.
  • To understand the clinical spectrum and transmission routes of HEV.
  • To investigate the extra-hepatic manifestations of HEV infection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on HEV in developed countries.
  • Analysis of HEV genotypes and host associations.
  • Examination of clinical case studies and transfusion-transmitted HEV data.

Main Results:

  • HEV genotype 3 is prevalent and zoonotic, with pigs as a primary host.
  • Transmission routes include the food chain and blood transfusion, with significant viremic donor rates.
  • HEV can cause persistent infections in immunocompromised individuals, leading to cirrhosis.
  • Neurological manifestations like Guillain-Barré syndrome and neuralgic amyotrophy are associated with HEV.

Conclusions:

  • HEV is an emerging public health concern in developed countries with a distinct epidemiological profile.
  • The clinical presentation of HEV is broader than previously understood, including chronic disease and neurological complications.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate HEV transmission and its extra-hepatic effects.