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Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Method for the Visualization and Assessment of Specific Parameters of the Pulmonary Veins
Published on: October 28, 2020
Pulmonary vein stenosis after atrial fibrillation ablation
Erin A Fender1, Douglas L Packer, David R Holmes
1Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Abstract:
Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is an uncommon but devastating complication of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. Patients are often misdiagnosed due to non-specific symptoms and the challenges of visualising the pulmonary veins on standard chest imaging. Delays in treatment result in worsening symptoms and pulmonary venous occlusion. The optimal method of intervening for PVS has not been well established. Restenosis after successful intervention is common, warrants active surveillance, and is the focus of research into prevention and management strategies. In this article we review the existing literature on PVS, and discuss our own experience in managing patients with severe PVS.
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