Percutaneous ventricular assist devices and extracorporeal life support: current applications

Percutaneous mechanical circulatory support devices, such as intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), active left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) or extracorporeal life support (ECLS), are treatment options for selected patients in cardiogenic shock, undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting. Potential benefits include the maintenance of organ function and the reduction of intracardiac pressures, volumes, and oxygen consumption. On the other hand, they are invasive, resource intensive, and can be associated with serious complications. Thus, their potential benefits must be weighed against the inherent risks. Despite the lack of sufficient scientific evidence, the use of mechanical circulatory support devices has risen considerably in recent years. This educational article covers practical issues of IABP, LVAD, and ECLS with respect to patient and device selection, implantation technique, potential complications, and future perspectives.