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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

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Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
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Viral Structure00:56

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
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Viral entry pathways: the example of common cold viruses.

Dieter Blaas1

  • 1Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/3, 1030, Vienna, Austria. dieter.blaas@meduniwien.ac.at.

Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
|May 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Viruses infect cells by delivering their genetic material, often protected by a capsid and lipid envelope. This abstract discusses general viral infection steps and focuses on human rhinoviruses, the cause of the common cold.

Keywords:
EndocytosisGenome releaseLysosomeRhinovirusUncoating

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Viruses protect their genetic material within a capsid, often enclosed in a lipid envelope.
  • Viral surface proteins mediate cell attachment, entry, and genome release.
  • Understanding these early steps is crucial for combating viral infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a general overview of the early stages of viral infection.
  • To focus on the mechanisms of human rhinovirus infection, the primary cause of the common cold.
  • To highlight the contributions of Renate Fuchs to understanding these processes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of general viral infection mechanisms.
  • Specific examination of human rhinovirus entry and uncoating processes.
  • Synthesis of existing research on viral-host interactions.

Main Results:

  • Viruses employ specific surface proteins for host cell recognition and entry.
  • Genome release within the host cell is a critical step for viral replication.
  • Human rhinoviruses utilize distinct pathways for cell entry and genome delivery.

Conclusions:

  • The early steps of viral infection, including attachment, entry, and uncoating, are fundamental to the viral life cycle.
  • Human rhinoviruses provide a model system for studying these complex molecular mechanisms.
  • Further research into viral entry and uncoating can inform therapeutic strategies against viral diseases.