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Related Concept Videos

Equilibrium and Balance01:15

Equilibrium and Balance

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The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
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Veins of Head and Neck01:19

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia01:27

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

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Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

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Not all headaches are migraines.

Melissa Chih-Hui Tien1, Prashanth Ramachandran2, Owen B White3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.

Survey of Ophthalmology
|May 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tuberculosis can cause cavernous sinus syndrome, even if rare. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial for patients from tuberculosis-endemic regions.

Keywords:
cavernous sinusheadachelymphadenopathyophthalmoplegiatuberculosis

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 21, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Cavernous sinus syndrome (CSS) presents with a constellation of neurological and ophthalmological symptoms.
  • Tuberculosis (TB) is an uncommon but potential cause of CSS, particularly in endemic areas.

Observation:

  • A 40-year-old Somali woman presented with symptoms suggestive of right-sided CSS.
  • Initial diagnostic workup for infectious causes was inconclusive.

Findings:

  • Neuroimaging confirmed right-sided CSS.
  • Further investigations revealed tuberculosis as the underlying etiology.
  • This case highlights TB as a treatable cause of CSS.

Implications:

  • Patients from TB-endemic regions require thorough investigation for TB when presenting with CSS.
  • Early diagnosis and treatment of TB-CSS can prevent long-term neurological sequelae.
  • This case underscores the importance of considering uncommon etiologies in clinical practice.