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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
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The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
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Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
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Overactive bladder - 18 years - Part II.

Jose Carlos Truzzi1, Cristiano Mendes Gomes2, Carlos A Bezerra3

  • 1Escola Paulista de Medicina - EPM - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

International Braz J Urol : Official Journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology
|May 14, 2016
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review discusses overactive bladder (OAB) treatments, focusing on oral medications and options for refractory cases. It highlights botulinum toxin, sacral neuromodulation, and tibial nerve stimulation as key therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Overactive bladder (OAB) treatment traditionally focused on oral medications to improve detrusor stability.
  • Recent advances in urothelial physiology have expanded understanding of oral anticholinergics' dual action on detrusor activity and bladder afference.
  • Beta-adrenergic agonists are a newer addition to OAB pharmacotherapy, with their optimal role still under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current oral pharmacological treatments for overactive bladder (OAB).
  • To explore treatment options for refractory overactive bladder (OAB) when conservative measures fail.
  • To provide an updated perspective on OAB management based on a systematic literature review.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of oral pharmacological treatments for OAB.
  • Systematic literature review of treatments for refractory OAB.
  • Analysis of recent advancements and established therapies for OAB management.

Main Results:

  • Oral anticholinergics are recognized for inhibiting detrusor activity and reducing OAB symptoms via bladder afference.
  • Botulinum toxin type A injections offer an effective treatment for refractory OAB between conservative and surgical options.
  • Sacral neuromodulation and tibial nerve electrical stimulation are established and minimally invasive alternatives for refractory OAB.

Conclusions:

  • OAB treatment has evolved beyond solely focusing on detrusor stability to include afferent pathways.
  • Refractory OAB can be effectively managed with intravesical botulinum toxin A, sacral neuromodulation, or tibial nerve stimulation.
  • This review synthesizes current knowledge on OAB pharmacotherapy and refractory OAB treatments.