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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

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Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
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Common Respiratory Disorders01:31

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Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more...
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Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:17

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Lower respiratory tract disorders present challenges that often require skilled and nuanced approaches for effective management. Common ailments, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have prompted the development of intricate treatment strategies involving bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, each tailored to ease breathing and revitalize the lungs.
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The Respiratory System01:16

The Respiratory System

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The respiratory system is comprised of the organs that enable breathing. Air enters the nostrils and mouth, followed by the pharynx (throat) and larynx (voice box), which lead to the trachea (windpipe). In the thoracic cavity, the trachea splits into two bronchi that allow air to enter the lungs. The bronchi split into progressively smaller bronchioles and terminate in small groups of tiny sacs in the lungs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
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An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
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Respiratory viruses and children.

Terho Heikkinen1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.

The Journal of Infection
|May 15, 2016
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Summary

Respiratory viruses cause significant illness and complications in children, particularly in developing nations. Antivirals and vaccines can prevent viral infections and reduce dangerous bacterial coinfections.

Keywords:
AntiviralBacteriaInfluenzaOseltamivirOtitis mediaPneumoniaRespiratory syncytial virusVaccineVirus

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Respiratory viruses impose a substantial disease burden on young children, leading to infections, bacterial complications, and hospitalizations.
  • Viral infections contribute to significant mortality in children in developing countries.
  • The interplay between viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens is clinically significant and more common than previously recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the clinical significance of respiratory virus-bacteria interactions in pediatric populations.
  • To underscore the potential of antiviral agents and vaccines in mitigating viral and secondary bacterial infections.
  • To review the current landscape and future development of antivirals and vaccines for respiratory viruses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on respiratory viral infections and their sequelae.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms underlying virus-bacterial coinfections.
  • Examination of the therapeutic and prophylactic roles of antivirals and vaccines.

Main Results:

  • Respiratory viruses often initiate a cascade leading to bacterial infections.
  • Antiviral therapies can shorten viral illness duration and prevent bacterial complications.
  • Vaccines offer potential for preventing primary viral infections and reducing secondary bacterial incidence.

Conclusions:

  • Effective antiviral agents and vaccines are crucial for managing pediatric respiratory infections and their complications.
  • Development of new antivirals and vaccines, particularly for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), is critical.
  • Targeting viral infections can significantly reduce the burden of associated bacterial coinfections in children.