Hashish in Morocco and Lebanon: A comparative study

Area of Science:

• Sociology
• Criminology
• Agricultural Economics

Background:

• Morocco and Lebanon emerged as major hashish exporters in the mid-20th century.
• Traditional cannabis cultivation areas include the Rif (Morocco) and Beqaa (Lebanon).
• Understanding their role in global cannabis trends is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

• To evaluate changes in cannabis production in Morocco and Lebanon.
• To analyze the socio-economic factors influencing cultivation.
• To understand the countries' roles in global cannabis markets.

Main Methods:

• Comparative analysis of Morocco and Lebanon.
• Primary field research including farmer interviews and observations (Rif since 2002, Beqaa since 1995).
• Triangulation of acreage and production estimates from multiple sources.

Main Results:

• Both regions have a long history of cannabis production and trade, influenced by global demand and prohibition.
• Despite shared challenges like marginalization and repressive legislation, market dynamics differ: Morocco has stability and a local market, while Lebanon experiences instability.
• Moroccan cultivation benefits from specialized skills, leading to a competitive economy with diverse products and prices.

Conclusions:

• Global cannabis prohibition has led to negative consequences, including grower marginalization and ineffective eradication efforts.
• Cannabis cultivation in these regions faces an uncertain future due to global market changes and technological advancements in developed countries.
• The cultural heritage and social functions of cannabis warrant consideration in policy discussions.