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Related Concept Videos

TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors01:28

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Hematopoietic growth factors are molecules that regulate the differentiation rate of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Erythropoietin (EPO), primarily produced by the kidneys, plays a crucial role in erythrocyte production. When oxygen levels in the blood are low, EPO is released into the bloodstream, reaching the bone marrow, where it stimulates HSCs to differentiate and mature into erythrocytes, which are vital for oxygen transport.
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The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Visualization and Quantification of TGFβ/BMP/SMAD Signaling under Different Fluid Shear Stress Conditions using Proximity-Ligation-Assay
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Update on FGF23 and Klotho signaling.

Reinhold G Erben1

  • 1University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
|May 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) and Klotho are key hormones regulating mineral metabolism. Recent research reveals their expanded roles beyond the kidney, impacting multiple organ systems and cardiovascular function.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is a bone hormone regulating phosphate and vitamin D.
  • Klotho, initially an anti-aging factor, has proposed roles as a hormone, enzyme, or FGF23 co-receptor.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in FGF23 and Klotho signaling.
  • To explore their functions in the kidney, parathyroid gland, cardiovascular system, bone, and central nervous system.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on FGF23 and Klotho signaling.
  • Analysis of novel findings across various organ systems.

Main Results:

  • FGF23 and Klotho exhibit newly discovered functions in multiple organs.
Keywords:
BoneFGF23Fibroblast growth factor-23KidneyKlothoParathyroid gland

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  • FGF23 acts as a pleiotropic factor influencing mineral metabolism and cardiovascular health.

    • Conclusions:

    • FGF23 and Klotho signaling have broader implications than previously understood.
    • These hormones are critical in mineral homeostasis and systemic physiology, including cardiovascular function.