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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Author Spotlight: Treating Frozen Shoulder with Small Needle Knife Therapy
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Shoulder Stiffness: Current Concepts and Concerns.

Eiji Itoi1, Guillermo Arce2, Gregory I Bain3

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.

Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association
|May 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Frozen shoulder, or idiopathic stiff shoulder, involves capsular fibrosis. Treatment options range from conservative measures to arthroscopic capsular release for refractory cases, followed by rehabilitation.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Physical Therapy

Background:

  • Shoulder stiffness has multiple causes, including immobilization, trauma, and surgery.
  • The International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery, and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (ISAKOS) defines frozen shoulder as idiopathic stiff shoulder.
  • Secondary stiff shoulder refers to stiffness with a known underlying cause.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the definition and pathophysiology of frozen shoulder.
  • To outline current treatment strategies for shoulder stiffness.
  • To compare the efficacy and risks of different interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Evidence-based review of current literature.
  • Analysis of conservative and surgical treatment options for shoulder stiffness.
  • Discussion of the ISAKOS definition of frozen shoulder.

Main Results:

  • Idiopathic frozen shoulder pathophysiology involves capsular fibrosis and inflammation, with unknown etiology.
  • Conservative treatments include oral medication, injections, and physical therapy.
  • Arthroscopic capsular release is preferred over manipulation under anesthesia for refractory cases due to lower complication risks.

Conclusions:

  • Conservative management is the first-line treatment for shoulder stiffness.
  • Arthroscopic capsular release offers a safer alternative for refractory cases.
  • Post-operative stepwise rehabilitation is crucial for successful outcomes after capsular release.