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Two primary types of muscle contractions are isotonic and isometric, each serving unique functions and involving distinct mechanisms. Both isotonic and isometric contractions are integral to the body's complex system of movement and stability. Isotonic exercises contribute significantly to functional strength and movement, while isometric contractions are crucial for maintaining posture and joint stability.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Quantifying Arms and Legs Contributions during Repetitive Electrically-Assisted Sit-To-Stand Exercise in Paraplegics: A Pilot Study
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Muscle Activity in Single- vs. Double-Leg Squats.

Bradley A DeFOREST1, Gregory S Cantrell2, Brian K Schilling3

  • 1Exercise Neuromechanics Laboratory, The University of Memphis, TN USA; Biomechanics/Sports Medicine Lab, The University of Tennessee, TN USA.

International Journal of Exercise Science
|May 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Rear-leg elevated split squats (RLESS) increase biceps femoris muscle activity more than split squats (SS) and back squats (BS). RLESS also generates greater peak vertical force than SS, offering specific benefits for training programs.

Keywords:
Back squatEMGForceRLESSsplit squat

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Resistance training exercises like back squats (BS), rear-leg elevated split squats (RLESS), and split squats (SS) are popular.
  • Understanding the muscular activity and biomechanics of these exercises is crucial for program design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the muscular activity (EMG), vertical displacement, and ground reaction forces among BS, RLESS, and SS.
  • To identify exercise variations that elicit greater muscle activation in specific muscle groups.

Main Methods:

  • Nine resistance-trained men participated in the study.
  • Electromyography (EMG), displacement, and ground reaction force data were collected during the performance of BS, RLESS, and SS.
  • Loads were standardized: 85% of 1-RM for BS and 50% of BS 1-RM for RLESS and SS.

Main Results:

  • Biceps femoris (BF) activity was significantly higher during RLESS compared to SS, and during BS compared to SS (concentric phase).
  • Vertical displacement was similar across all three exercises.
  • Peak vertical force was similar between BS and RLESS, and significantly greater in RLESS compared to SS.

Conclusions:

  • RLESS may be a valuable exercise for targeting increased biceps femoris activation.
  • The findings provide insights for optimizing resistance training program design based on specific exercise goals.