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Phase Diagram

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).

Phase Diagram

Phase Diagram

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...

Uniform Depth Channel Flow: Problem Solving

Uniform Depth Channel Flow: Problem Solving

To calculate the flow rate for a trapezoidal channel, first, identify the bottom width, side slope, and flow depth of the channel. The cross-sectional area (A) corresponding to the depth of flow (y), channel bottom width (B), and side slope (θ) is determined by:Next, calculate the wetted perimeter, which includes the bottom width and the sloped side lengths in contact with the water. Using the values of the cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter, determine the hydraulic radius by...

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...

Phase Diagrams

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Cell Co-culture Patterning Using Aqueous Two-phase Systems

Cell Co-culture Patterning Using Aqueous Two-phase Systems

Published on: March 26, 2013

Competing coexisting phases in 2D water.

Jean-Marc Zanotti¹, Patrick Judeinstein^1,2, Simona Dalla-Bernardina³

¹Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.

Scientific Reports

|May 18, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Confining water to two dimensions frustrates its hydrogen bond network, leading to distinct molecular ordering transitions. This 2D organization significantly increases interfacial water entropy, altering its bulk properties.

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Last Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Cell Co-culture Patterning Using Aqueous Two-phase Systems

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Published on: March 26, 2013

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2018

Preparation of Free-Surface Hyperbolic Water Vortices

Preparation of Free-Surface Hyperbolic Water Vortices

Published on: July 28, 2023

Area of Science:

Physical Chemistry
Soft Matter Physics
Surface Science

Background:

Bulk water properties depend on hydrogen bonds (HBonds) across multiple length scales.
Interfacial water's behavior is complex due to frustrated 3D hydrogen bond network extension in 2D.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the physics of interfacial water under 2D confinement.
Explain experimentally observed transitions in interfacial water using a theoretical model.

Main Methods:

Analytical mean-field percolation model for the fluctuating HBond network.
Interpretation of experimental data from calorimetry, neutron, NMR, and infrared spectroscopies.

Main Results:

Identified three key transitions in interfacial water at 160 K, 220 K, and 250 K.
Explained these transitions as the formation, percolation, and surface invasion of 4-HBonded molecule domains.
Linked 2D behavior to frustrated tetrahedral geometry and increased interfacial water entropy.

Conclusions:

The 2D confinement fundamentally alters water's hydrogen bond network dynamics.
A percolation model successfully explains the observed phase transitions in interfacial water.
Increased entropy drives the unique self-organization of interfacial water molecules.