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Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
The probe is regarded as the heart of any AFM setup and comprises the...

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Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Visualization of Recombinant DNA and Protein Complexes Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Visualization of Recombinant DNA and Protein Complexes Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Published on: July 18, 2011

Visualisation of xanthan conformation by atomic force microscopy.

Jonathan Moffat¹, Victor J Morris², Saphwan Al-Assaf³

¹Asylum Research an Oxford Instruments Company, Halifax Rd., High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, HP12 3SE, UK.

Carbohydrate Polymers

|May 18, 2016

Summary

Atomic force microscopy revealed that xanthan gum

Keywords:

Atomic force microscopy Counterions Structural conformation Xanthan

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Last Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Visualization of Recombinant DNA and Protein Complexes Using Atomic Force Microscopy

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Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers

Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers

Published on: July 22, 2015

Area of Science:

Biopolymer science
Materials science
Surface chemistry

Background:

Xanthan gum is a microbial polysaccharide with diverse industrial applications.
Its helical structure is crucial for its functional properties.
Previous models of xanthan's ultrastructure have been debated.

Purpose of the Study:

To directly visualize the conformational changes of xanthan gum upon adsorption.
To investigate the structural recovery and detailed ultrastructure of xanthan gum.

Main Methods:

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to image xanthan gum adsorbed on mica.
Adsorbed samples underwent an annealing process to observe structural recovery.
High-resolution AFM imaging resolved xanthan gum's periodicity and strand formation.

Main Results:

Adsorption onto mica distorted xanthan gum's helical conformation.
Annealing for several hours restored the ordered helical state.
AFM images revealed a 4.7nm periodicity, consistent with theoretical models.
Direct evidence for a double-stranded helix structure was observed.

Conclusions:

Xanthan gum's helical structure is sensitive to substrate interactions.
Annealing is necessary to recover the native helical conformation after adsorption.
The study clarifies the long-standing ambiguity regarding xanthan gum's double-stranded helical ultrastructure.