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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Factors Affecting α-Alkylation of Ketones: Choice of Base01:10

Factors Affecting α-Alkylation of Ketones: Choice of Base

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α-Alkylation of ketones is achieved in the presence of alkyl halides and a base. The reaction proceeds via the formation of an enolate ion followed by nucleophilic substitution. The choice of base employed is essential as it is the key factor in determining the reaction outcome.
The reaction involving bases like EtO− whose conjugate acid EtOH (pKa = 15.9) is stronger than the ketone (pKa = 19.2) results in an equilibrium mixture with higher ketone concentration. As a consequence,...
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Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

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For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
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This lesson defines the leveling effect in acidic and basic solutions and its role in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. It is essential to understand the competing nature of various species in a chemical system.
The Leveling Effect of a Solvent
A generic acid (HA) reacts with the generic base (B-) to yield the corresponding conjugate base (A-) and conjugate acid (HB):
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Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid01:18

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The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the titration curve. At the first equivalence point, the carbonate ions in the base are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The second equivalence point corresponds to the complete conversion of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid, which dissociates into carbon dioxide and water. The region before the first equivalence point corresponds to the...
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Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent
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Calcium hydroxide as a processing base in alkali-aided pH-shift protein recovery process.

Ilgin Paker1, Jacek Jaczynski2, Kristen E Matak2

  • 1Food Engineering Department, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul, Turkey.

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
|May 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Calcium hydroxide enhances protein solubility and recovery during pH-shift processing compared to sodium hydroxide. This method offers an effective alternative for protein extraction, improving calcium content in the final product.

Keywords:
calcium hydroxidepH shiftprotein recoveryprotein solubilitysodium

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science
  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Protein recovery often utilizes pH shifts for solubilization and precipitation.
  • Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a common processing base, but it increases sodium content in recovered protein.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) as an alternative processing base for pH-shift protein recovery.
  • To compare protein solubility and yield using Ca(OH)2 versus NaOH.

Main Methods:

  • Protein extraction from black bullhead catfish (Ameiurus melas) using a pH-shift method.
  • Solubilization of protein using either NaOH or Ca(OH)2.
  • Precipitation of protein at pH 5.5 using hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Main Results:

  • Protein solubility was greater when Ca(OH)2 was used compared to NaOH.
  • Ca(OH)2 yielded the greatest lipid recovery (77 g/100 g), while NaOH provided the highest protein recovery yield (53 g/100 g).
  • Protein solubilized with Ca(OH)2 contained more calcium, whereas NaOH increased sodium content.

Conclusions:

  • Ca(OH)2 increased protein solubility and calcium content in the recovered protein.
  • Both NaOH and Ca(OH)2 are effective processing bases for pH-shift protein recovery.
  • Ca(OH)2 presents a viable alternative to NaOH for protein recovery, potentially improving mineral profiles.