A lead isotope perspective on urban development in ancient Naples

Area of Science:

• Archaeological Science
• Environmental Science
• Roman History

Background:

• Urban development in Roman times is poorly documented outside Rome.
• The impact of the AD 79 Vesuvius eruption on Neapolis' infrastructure is unclear.
• Neapolis became a dominant regional city during the 5th-6th centuries AD.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the influence of water distribution systems on urban development in Roman Neapolis.
• To assess the impact of the AD 79 Vesuvius eruption on Neapolis' infrastructure.
• To reconstruct the history of Neapolis' water supply network from the 1st to 6th centuries CE.

Main Methods:

• Analysis of lead (Pb) isotopic ratios from a well-dated sedimentary sequence in Neapolis' harbor.
• Correlation of isotopic data with known historical events, including volcanic eruptions and invasions.
• Interpretation of Pb isotopic signatures to infer changes in the water distribution system.

Main Results:

• The AD 79 Vesuvius eruption was followed by a significant overhaul of Neapolis' water supply network.
• Lead isotopic signatures indicate a cessation of steady growth in the water distribution system during the 5th century AD.
• Repairs to the water infrastructure were conducted even after periods of invasion and volcanic activity.

Conclusions:

• Sophisticated water distribution systems were crucial for urban development in Roman Neapolis.
• Volcanic events and societal instability significantly impacted critical urban infrastructure.
• Lead isotope analysis provides a valuable tool for reconstructing past environmental and societal changes.