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Related Concept Videos

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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Photoluminescence: Applications01:14

Photoluminescence: Applications

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Photoluminescence offers a wide range of applications due to its inherent sensitivity and selectivity. This technique allows for both direct and indirect analyses of the analyte. Direct quantitative analysis is possible when the analyte exhibits a favorable quantum yield for fluorescence or phosphorescence. However, an indirect analysis may be feasible if the analyte is not fluorescent or phosphorescent, or if the quantum yield is unfavorable. Indirect methods include reacting the analyte with...
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Photosystems01:32

Photosystems

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Photosystems are multiprotein complexes that form the functional units of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They are found embedded in the membrane of tiny sac-like structures called thylakoids placed inside the chloroplast.
Functioning of Photosystems
Photosystems contain many pigment molecules, such as chlorophylls and carotenoids, arranged in a particular organization across two domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment...
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Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Stereoisomerism02:52

Stereoisomerism

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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
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Photosystem II01:22

Photosystem II

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The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
The pigment molecules are arranged across  two photosystem domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
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Optically Active Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Systems.

Hua Lu1, Nagao Kobayashi1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578, Japan.

Chemical Reviews
|May 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This review explores optically active porphyrin and phthalocyanine molecules for novel applications. It details methods for creating chiral systems ideal for identifying and separating biologically active substrates.

Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Chiroptical Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Porphyrins and phthalocyanines are versatile macrocyclic compounds with diverse applications.
  • Developing optically active variants is crucial for advanced molecular recognition and sensing.
  • Chirality plays a key role in biological systems, necessitating chiral separation techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize the synthesis and applications of optically active porphyrin and phthalocyanine molecules.
  • To highlight the use of chiral guest molecules to induce chirality in achiral systems for substrate identification.
  • To analyze the correlation between circular dichroism (CD) signals and molecular configurations using computational methods.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on structural modifications of porphyrins and phthalocyanines.

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  • Discussion of guest-induced chirality in achiral bis-porphyrin systems.
  • Analysis of molecular modeling calculations to correlate CD spectra with absolute configuration.

    • Main Results:

    • Various optically active porphyrin and phthalocyanine derivatives have been synthesized through diverse structural modifications.
    • Achiral bis-porphyrin systems complexed with chiral guests demonstrate potential for chiral recognition.
    • Molecular modeling provides insights into the relationship between CD signals and molecular structure.

    Conclusions:

    • Optically active porphyrins and phthalocyanines offer promising avenues for developing novel chiral sensors and separation tools.
    • Guest-induced chirality is a viable strategy for creating functional chiral supramolecular systems.
    • Further research can expand the applications of these chiral macrocycles in various scientific fields.