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Related Concept Videos

Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the...
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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Eccentric axial loading occurs when an axial load is applied away from the centroidal axis of a structural member. This scenario is common in engineering, where structural elements may not be directly aligned due to various design or functional requirements.
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Skeletal muscles, the key players in our body's movement, can be classified into two groups based on their location and function: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. These classifications reflect the primary roles the muscles play in the body's structure and movement.
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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Axial spondyloarthritis, including non-radiographic and ankylosing spondylitis, has genetic links to HLA-B27. Advances in diagnosis and therapies like TNF blockers offer better management for this chronic inflammatory disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology and Immunology
  • Inflammatory Diseases
  • Spondyloarthritis Research

Background:

  • Axial spondyloarthritis (AxSpA) encompasses both radiographic (ankylosing spondylitis) and non-radiographic disease.
  • Prevalence studies often focus on radiographic disease, limiting understanding of the full spectrum.
  • The pathogenetic role of the genetic factor human leukocyte antigen-B27 (HLA-B27) and inflammatory pathways (TNF, IL-17, IL-23) remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding and advances in axial spondyloarthritis.
  • To highlight the importance of early diagnosis and intervention.
  • To discuss emerging therapeutic strategies and diagnostic tools.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of axial spondyloarthritis research.
  • Analysis of genetic associations, particularly HLA-B27.
  • Evaluation of current and novel therapeutic targets (TNF, IL-17, IL-23).
  • Assessment of diagnostic advancements, including MRI and classification criteria.
  • Review of quality of life measurement tools.

Main Results:

  • Strong genetic association with HLA-B27, though its pathogenetic role is not fully elucidated.
  • Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), IL-17, and IL-23 pathways are implicated in pathogenesis.
  • MRI is crucial for early detection of axial spondyloarthritis.
  • NSAIDs and TNF blockers are effective treatments, even in early stages.
  • IL-17 and IL-23 blockade show promise as new therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the interplay between osteoproliferation and inflammation is key to preventing bone damage.
  • New classification and diagnostic criteria will facilitate earlier intervention.
  • Advances in diagnostics and therapeutics are transforming axial spondyloarthritis management.
  • Further insights into disease pathogenesis are expected to accelerate progress.