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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

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The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
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The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

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The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a...
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Secretory Phase01:19

Secretory Phase

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The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
Following ovulation, the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone and estrogens. These hormones stimulate the growth and coiling of endometrial...
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Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

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The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
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Related Experiment Video

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A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice
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Menopause.

Susan R Davis1, Irene Lambrinoudaki2, Maryann Lumsden3

  • 1School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|May 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Menopause marks the end of reproductive function due to declining estrogen, causing various symptoms. Predicting menopause onset and developing safer treatments remain key challenges for women's health.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Gerontology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Menopause is an inevitable aspect of aging, characterized by the cessation of ovarian function and a decline in estrogen production.
  • The precise prediction of menopause onset, particularly early menopause, is currently not possible, limiting women's control over their fertility.
  • Reduced estrogen levels lead to a spectrum of physical and psychological symptoms, impacting quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of menopause, its associated symptoms, and current management strategies.
  • To highlight the variability in menopausal experiences influenced by age, health, environment, and culture.
  • To identify the need for improved and safer therapeutic options for menopausal symptom management.

Main Methods:

  • This primer synthesizes current knowledge on menopause, drawing from established research and clinical understanding.
  • It reviews the physiological changes associated with menopause, including hormonal shifts and their systemic effects.
  • The review discusses various management approaches, encompassing lifestyle modifications, hormone therapy, and non-hormonal pharmacotherapies.

Main Results:

  • Menopause onset is difficult to predict, impacting fertility management.
  • Symptoms like hot flashes, urogenital atrophy, mood changes, and metabolic shifts significantly affect well-being.
  • Management strategies vary, with individual factors influencing treatment decisions and outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Effective prediction of menopause and development of novel, safe therapies are crucial, especially for women with contraindications to hormone therapy.
  • Personalized management plans considering individual health, risks, and preferences are essential for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.
  • Further research is needed to enhance the safety and efficacy of treatments for menopausal symptoms.