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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
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Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
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Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Stephen V Faraone1,2, Philip Asherson3, Tobias Banaschewski4

  • 1Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with genetic and environmental causes. Effective treatments exist to manage ADHD symptoms and reduce associated life impairments.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Psychiatry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects 5% of children and 2.5% of adults globally.
  • ADHD increases lifetime risk for psychiatric disorders, failure in education/occupation, accidents, criminality, social disability, and addictions.
  • ADHD arises from multiple genetic and environmental risk factors, not a single cause.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  • To discuss the multifactorial causation, heterogeneity, diagnosis, and treatment of ADHD.
  • To highlight ongoing research for advancing ADHD diagnosis and therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on ADHD.
  • Analysis of etiological factors, clinical presentation, and diagnostic criteria.
  • Evaluation of evidence-based treatment approaches, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions.

Main Results:

  • ADHD is characterized by heterogeneity in psychiatric co-morbidity, neurocognitive impairment, and brain anomalies.
  • Diagnosis is reliable and valid using standard psychiatric criteria, rating scales, and clinical interviews.
  • Symptoms vary with developmental stage and context, and treatments can significantly reduce symptoms and impairments.

Conclusions:

  • While ADHD has no cure, evidence-based treatments effectively manage symptoms and associated impairments.
  • Medications and non-pharmacological approaches are valuable therapeutic options.
  • Continued clinical and neurobiological research promises improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for ADHD.