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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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CRISPR Gene Editing Tool for MicroRNA Cluster Network Analysis
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microRNAs in the Same Clusters Evolve to Coordinately Regulate Functionally Related Genes.

Yirong Wang1, Junjie Luo2, Hong Zhang2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|May 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary

MicroRNA (miRNA) clusters form through duplication and de novo events, promoting functional co-adaptation. These clustered miRNAs are conserved, co-expressed, and cooperatively regulate genes, suggesting evolutionary selection.

Keywords:
coordinated regulationevolutionfunctional co-adaptationmRNA-SeqmiR-17–92 cluster.miRNA clustersnatural selection

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs crucial for gene regulation.
  • Animal miRNAs are frequently found in genomic clusters.
  • The evolutionary origins and functional significance of miRNA clustering remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of miRNA cluster formation and evolution.
  • To elucidate the functional implications of miRNA clustering.
  • To test the hypothesis of functional co-adaptation within miRNA clusters.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis to identify miRNA cluster formation mechanisms (duplication, de novo).
  • Population genomic analysis to assess evolutionary pressures (Darwinian selection).
  • Deep-sequencing to profile transcriptome alterations after miRNA transfection in human and fly cells.

Main Results:

  • Duplication and de novo formation are key mechanisms generating miRNA clusters.
  • Clustered miRNAs exhibit correlated abundance and cooperative gene repression in human tissues.
  • Functional co-adaptation between new and old miRNAs was demonstrated in the miR-17-92 cluster.
  • Evidence suggests positive Darwinian selection drives miRNA cluster evolution.

Conclusions:

  • MiRNA clustering is an evolutionarily conserved phenomenon driven by functional co-adaptation.
  • Clustering facilitates the survival and functional development of novel miRNAs.
  • Positive selection plays a significant role in the formation and maintenance of miRNA clusters.