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Related Concept Videos

Naturalistic Observations02:30

Naturalistic Observations

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If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
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Sampling Plans01:23

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Sampling is a crucial step in analytical chemistry, allowing researchers to collect representative data from a large population. Common sampling methods include random, judgmental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
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Data collection refers to a systematic way of obtaining, observing, measuring, and analyzing accurate information. Observational studies are one of the most widely used methods of data collection. It involves collecting data by observing the behavior and physical characteristics of a sample without making any modifications to the sample.
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Convenience Sampling Method00:55

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population.
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Sampling Methods: Sample Types01:18

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Sampling materials are classified into three main types: solid, liquid, and gas.
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A sample refers to a smaller subset representative of a larger population. In analytical chemistry, studying or analyzing an entire population is often impractical or impossible. Therefore, samples are used to draw inferences and generalize the whole population. The sampling method selects individuals or items from a population to create a sample. Standard sampling methods include random, judgemental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers
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South Philadelphia passive sampler and sensor study.

Eben D Thoma1, Halley L Brantley1,2, Karen D Oliver3

  • 1a U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development , National Risk Managment Research Laboratory , Durham , NC , USA.

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)
|May 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Benzene concentrations near refineries were significantly higher than in surrounding communities. This study used passive samplers and advanced sensors to monitor air quality and identify emission sources.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Air Quality Monitoring
  • Industrial Hygiene

Background:

  • Refinery emissions contribute to air pollution.
  • Accurate monitoring of benzene is crucial for public health.
  • Passive samplers offer a cost-effective monitoring solution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess benzene concentrations near a refinery in South Philadelphia.
  • To compare benzene levels at the fenceline versus community areas.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of passive samplers and complementary monitoring techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted 41 passive sampler deployments over 2 years.
  • Utilized prototype fenceline sensors and an open-path spectrometer.
  • Analyzed benzene concentrations in relation to proximity to refinery fencelines.

Main Results:

  • Benzene levels were significantly higher near the refinery (mean 1.22 ppbv) compared to distant communities (mean 0.29 ppbv).
  • A decreasing concentration gradient was observed with increasing distance from the refinery.
  • Passive sampler precision was good, with a mean difference of 1.5% between duplicate samplers.

Conclusions:

  • Passive samplers effectively monitored benzene concentrations near industrial facilities.
  • Combined monitoring strategies can aid in identifying and mitigating fugitive emissions.
  • Findings improve understanding of air quality in complex urban air sheds near industrial sources.