Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

2.1K
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
2.1K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

17.1K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
17.1K
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

9.1K
The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
9.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Interpretable machine learning-based automated HPLC/MS<sup>2</sup> platform using ion-molecule reactions for the identification of functionalities in analytes.

Chemical science·2026
Same author

Pharmacology and nonclinical development of teplizumab, a first-in-class immunotherapy for delaying the onset of type 1 diabetes.

The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics·2026
Same author

Artificial Intelligence-Based LC-OzESI-MRM for Isomer-Resolved Triacylglycerol Profiling by In-Source Ozonolysis.

Analytical chemistry·2026
Same author

Sleep-dependent clearance of brain lipids by peripheral blood cells.

Nature·2026
Same author

Lesion-remote astrocytes govern microglia-mediated white matter repair.

Nature·2025
Same author

Gene-corrected regulatory T cell therapy for IL2RA deficiency.

Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade
11:55

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade

Published on: March 14, 2011

15.0K

CD28 Costimulation: From Mechanism to Therapy.

Jonathan H Esensten1, Ynes A Helou2, Gaurav Chopra3

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

Immunity
|May 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

CD28 receptor ligation provides a crucial second signal for T cell activation, influencing numerous cellular processes. Understanding CD28

More Related Videos

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
10:29

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

2.6K
Production of Human CRISPR-Engineered CAR-T Cells
06:33

Production of Human CRISPR-Engineered CAR-T Cells

Published on: March 15, 2021

14.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade
11:55

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade

Published on: March 14, 2011

15.0K
Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
10:29

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

2.6K
Production of Human CRISPR-Engineered CAR-T Cells
06:33

Production of Human CRISPR-Engineered CAR-T Cells

Published on: March 15, 2021

14.9K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • CD28 receptor ligation is essential for naive T cell activation, acting as a critical co-stimulatory signal alongside T cell receptor (TCR) ligation.
  • CD28 signaling influences key T cell functions including cytoskeletal remodeling, cytokine production, cell survival, and differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the expression, structure, biochemistry, and diverse functions of CD28 and its ligands in T cell biology.
  • To explore the role of CD28 in effector and regulatory T cells, its impact on immune homeostasis, and its involvement in human diseases.
  • To review the clinical efficacy of CD28-targeting therapeutics and identify challenges in translating basic CD28 research into successful immunomodulatory treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CD28 expression, structure, and biochemical properties.
  • Analysis of studies investigating CD28 signaling pathways and their downstream effects (epigenetic, transcriptional, post-translational).
  • Examination of data on CD28 function in various T cell subsets (effector and regulatory) and its role in immune homeostasis and disease.

Main Results:

  • CD28 ligation induces unique cellular changes not achievable by TCR ligation alone.
  • CD28 is vital for regulatory T cell survival and maintaining immune homeostasis.
  • CD28 family interactions and cell-type specific roles contribute to varied therapeutic outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • CD28 signaling is fundamental to T cell activation, differentiation, and immune regulation.
  • Despite its importance, complexities in CD28 family interactions and cell-specific functions present challenges for therapeutic development.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate CD28 biology for improved immunomodulatory strategies.