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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Inflammatory Response01:28

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Regulatory T cells: Therapeutic Potential for Treating Transplant Rejection and Type I Diabetes
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Regulatory T Cells: A Crisis Averted.

Deepali Malhotra1, Marc K Jenkins1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.

Immunity
|May 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regulatory T cells normally prevent autoimmunity. However, new research shows that without proper thymic education, these crucial immune cells can mistakenly attack the body, causing autoimmune disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases.
  • The thymus plays a critical role in the development and education of T cells, including Tregs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the consequences of improper thymic education on regulatory T cell function.
  • To understand how thymic T cell education failure can lead to autoimmunity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of T cell populations and function in mouse models.
  • Genetic and cellular assays to assess T cell development and activation.

Main Results:

  • Improperly educated regulatory T cells in the thymus can acquire pathogenic properties.
  • These aberrant Tregs can escape thymic tolerance mechanisms and infiltrate peripheral tissues.
  • Failure in thymic Treg education is directly linked to the development of autoimmune conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Thymic education is a critical checkpoint for ensuring regulatory T cell self-tolerance.
  • Defects in this process can transform protective Tregs into autoimmune effectors.
  • Understanding Treg thymic education is vital for developing new therapies for autoimmune diseases.