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Related Concept Videos

Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

2.7K
Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...
2.7K
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

1.0K
Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

2.4K
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

1.1K
The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners
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Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners

Published on: June 30, 2013

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HIV Immunology Goes Out On a Limb.

Nicole A Doria-Rose1, John R Mascola1

  • 1Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Immunity
|May 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Developing an effective HIV vaccine requires eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies. Researchers observed the co-evolution of these antibodies and the HIV virus, offering a new model for vaccine development.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines must induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) capable of inhibiting diverse viral strains.
  • Designing such vaccines is challenging due to HIV's rapid mutation rate and immune evasion strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the co-evolutionary dynamics between a specific broadly neutralizing antibody and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that elicited it.
  • To provide insights and a potential template for the rational design of next-generation HIV vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal analysis of antibody and viral sequences.
  • Structural biology techniques to visualize antibody-viral interactions.
  • In vitro neutralization assays.

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Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques
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Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

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Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques
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Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

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Main Results:

  • Detailed characterization of the sequential mutations in both the antibody and the viral envelope protein.
  • Demonstration of how the antibody evolved to recognize conserved epitopes on the virus.
  • Identification of specific viral escape pathways and corresponding antibody adaptations.

Conclusions:

  • The co-evolutionary pathway described offers a concrete example of how bNAbs can develop against HIV.
  • This provides a valuable template for HIV vaccine design strategies aimed at eliciting potent and broad antibody responses.
  • Understanding these intricate host-pathogen dynamics is crucial for advancing HIV vaccine development.