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Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

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Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
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Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

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The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
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Deindividuation00:57

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Deindividuation is a form of social influence on an individual’s behavior such that the individual engages in unusual or non-normal behavior while in a group setting. Why? Because in these group settings, the individual no longer sees themselves as an individual anymore, disinhibiting their behavior and personal restraint.
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Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

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The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can...
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Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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Dosage Regimen: Individualization01:24

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Individualization in dosing regimens is the customization of medication doses for individual patients. Its necessity arises from the goal of maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing risks. This approach is pivotal because human responses to drugs can vary widely; what is effective for one person may be inadequate or excessive for another. Interpatient (intersubject) variability refers to differences in drug responses between individuals, while intrapatient (intrasubject) variability...
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The decisionalization of individualization.

A Biedermann1, S Bozza2, F Taroni1

  • 1University of Lausanne, Faculty of Law, Criminal Justice and Public Administration, School of Criminal Justice, 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland.

Forensic Science International
|May 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Forensic individualization, the process of identifying a single source for evidence, requires a deeper understanding of decision theory. Applying concepts of utility and loss can meaningfully improve forensic decision-making.

Keywords:
Decision theoryIndividualizationLikelihood ratio

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Decision Theory
  • Evidence Analysis

Background:

  • Divergence exists between researchers and practitioners regarding the concept of 'individualization' in forensic science.
  • The practice of individualization is increasingly referred to as a decision, but this often lacks fundamental theoretical underpinnings.
  • Resistance to formal decision theory in forensic practice stems from challenges in quantifying the desirability of decision outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present and discuss fundamental concepts of utilities and losses within the context of forensic individualization.
  • To explore the application of decision theory to enhance the understanding and practice of forensic individualization.
  • To argue for a fundamental shift in understanding, moving beyond mere labeling towards a decision-theoretic framework.

Main Methods:

  • Building upon existing research in forensic science and decision theory.
  • Discussion of fundamental concepts of utilities and losses.
  • Application of these concepts to the practice of forensic individualization.

Main Results:

  • A proper appreciation of decision tools can reduce the number of individual assignments needed in forensic analysis.
  • Decision theory provides a framework to meaningfully relate forensic assignments to real-world decision problems.
  • The 'decisionalization' of individualization requires fundamental insight, not just a change in terminology.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating decision theory, including utilities and losses, is crucial for advancing forensic individualization.
  • This approach offers a more robust and meaningful way to interpret and communicate forensic findings.
  • A deeper understanding of decision-making principles is necessary to drive genuine change in forensic science.