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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
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Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters01:29

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When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal, it releases neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse. The released neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. The critical criteria commonly used to determine whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse are the molecule's presence in the presynaptic neuron. Second, its release is in response to strong presynaptic depolarization. And lastly, the presence of...
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Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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Synaptic Signaling01:09

Synaptic Signaling

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Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
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The presynaptic neuron fires an action potential that...
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Synaptic Signaling01:12

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Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Preparation of Synaptoneurosomes from Mouse Cortex using a Discontinuous Percoll-Sucrose Density Gradient
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Sumoylation in Synaptic Function and Dysfunction.

Lenka Schorova1, Stéphane Martin1

  • 1Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7275), University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratory of Excellence "Network for Innovation on Signal Transduction, Pathways in Life Sciences" Valbonne, France.

Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience
|May 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Protein sumoylation, a key modification, is vital for brain development and function. This review explores the Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) pathway

Keywords:
SUMOdesumoylationpost-translational modificationsumoylationsynapse

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Sumoylation, a crucial post-translational modification, involves attaching Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) polypeptides to target proteins.
  • The SUMO enzymatic pathway is essential for embryonic and post-natal development, with disruptions leading to lethality.
  • Despite its importance, the regulation of protein sumoylation in the mammalian brain remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a concise description of the enzymatic SUMO pathway.
  • To review the current understanding of protein sumoylation's function and dysfunction at the mammalian synapse.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on protein sumoylation.
  • Analysis of data implicating sumoylated substrates in synaptic processes.

Main Results:

  • Sumoylation is implicated in synapse formation, synaptic communication, and plasticity.
  • The dynamic regulation of sumoylation in the brain is critical for neuronal function.

Conclusions:

  • Protein sumoylation plays a central role in mammalian brain development and function.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the regulatory mechanisms and functional consequences of sumoylation at the synapse.