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Related Concept Videos

Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

479
Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
479
Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

5.9K
Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
5.9K
Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

1.2K
Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
1.2K
Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

7.9K
Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
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Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

5.5K
Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene01:22

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

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Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.
8.9K

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Rapid Identification of Chemical Genetic Interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Controlling Sulfuryl-Transfer Biology.

Ian Cook1, Ting Wang1, Wei Wang2

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461-1926, USA.

Cell Chemical Biology
|May 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel strategy to control compound sulfonation, enhancing drug efficacy. This method prevents sulfonation without affecting receptor binding, leading to a 10,000-fold increase in estrogen receptor activation for raloxifene derivatives.

Keywords:
derivativesestrogen receptorinhibitionmechanismraloxifeneselectivitystructuresulfationsulfonationsulfotransferasesynthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze sulfuryl transfer, regulating metabolite activity and half-life.
  • Dysregulation of SULT activity is linked to various diseases.
  • Controlling sulfonation is crucial for therapeutic intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a strategy for controlling in vivo compound sulfonation.
  • To prevent sulfonation without altering receptor affinity or inhibiting SULTs.
  • To enhance the efficacy of drugs by modulating their sulfonation status.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated molecular ligand-recognition principles of SULTs and nuclear receptors.
  • Designed a strategy to prevent specific compound sulfonation.
  • Validated the strategy using raloxifene and its derivatives to control estrogen receptor (ER) activation.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated successful prevention of raloxifene sulfonation.
  • Showed that preventing sulfonation significantly enhances ER-activation efficacy (10^4-fold).
  • Validated the strategy's ability to control sulfonation on a compound-by-compound basis.

Conclusions:

  • The developed strategy offers precise control over sulfuryl transfer.
  • This approach can enhance the efficacy of existing and novel sulfonated drugs.
  • Provides a powerful tool for investigating the biological roles of sulfuryl transfer.