Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift01:07

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift

4.0K
Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
Absorption signals of all the protium nuclei...
4.0K
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

1.8K
When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
1.8K
Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)01:15

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)

1.1K
Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT) is an advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique specifically designed to detect and enhance the signals of low-abundance nuclei, such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15, in small molecules. The fundamental principle behind INEPT is the transfer of polarization from a more abundant and highly polarizable nucleus, typically hydrogen-1, to the low-abundance nucleus of interest. This process effectively boosts the NMR signal of the...
1.1K
Positron Emission Tomography01:29

Positron Emission Tomography

8.0K
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
One of the main requirements of a PET scan is a positron-emitting radioisotope, which is produced in a cyclotron and then attached to a substance used by the part of the body...
8.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Deep learning of CT imaging predicts PD-L1 expression and immunotherapy response in metastatic NSCLC: A multi-center study.

Cancer letters·2026
Same author

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Staging and Follow-Up of Melanoma.

Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR·2026
Same author

Development of PET/CT-clinical nomograms for predicting lymph node metastasis in primary lung cancer.

European radiology·2025
Same author

Radiomics for Dynamic Lung Cancer Risk Prediction in USPSTF-Ineligible Patients.

Cancers·2025
Same author

Unexpected early pulmonary thrombi in war injured patients.

European radiology·2025
Same author

Machine-learning driven strategies for adapting immunotherapy in metastatic NSCLC.

Nature communications·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

A Micro-agar Salt Bridge Electrode for Analyzing the Proton Turnover Rate of Recombinant Membrane Proteins
08:09

A Micro-agar Salt Bridge Electrode for Analyzing the Proton Turnover Rate of Recombinant Membrane Proteins

Published on: January 7, 2019

9.6K

Characterizing proton-activated materials to develop PET-mediated proton range verification markers.

Jongmin Cho1, Geoffrey S Ibbott, Matthew D Kerr

  • 1The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|May 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Implantable markers using copper or zinc can verify proton therapy range with standard PET scanners. This study characterizes marker usability, optimizing foil size for clinical application and reducing costs.

More Related Videos

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
08:34

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

Published on: February 6, 2019

21.2K
Automated Radiochemical Synthesis of [18F]3F4AP: A Novel PET Tracer for Imaging Demyelinating Diseases
11:03

Automated Radiochemical Synthesis of [18F]3F4AP: A Novel PET Tracer for Imaging Demyelinating Diseases

Published on: May 29, 2017

10.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 20, 2026

A Micro-agar Salt Bridge Electrode for Analyzing the Proton Turnover Rate of Recombinant Membrane Proteins
08:09

A Micro-agar Salt Bridge Electrode for Analyzing the Proton Turnover Rate of Recombinant Membrane Proteins

Published on: January 7, 2019

9.6K
Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
08:34

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

Published on: February 6, 2019

21.2K
Automated Radiochemical Synthesis of [18F]3F4AP: A Novel PET Tracer for Imaging Demyelinating Diseases
11:03

Automated Radiochemical Synthesis of [18F]3F4AP: A Novel PET Tracer for Imaging Demyelinating Diseases

Published on: May 29, 2017

10.5K

Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Radiotherapy

Background:

  • Conventional proton therapy range verification using positron emission tomography (PET) requires specialized particle therapy PET scanners, posing a significant financial barrier.
  • Previous research demonstrated the feasibility of using implantable markers made from high proton cross-section materials (e.g., Copper, Zinc-68) for in vivo proton range verification with conventional PET scanners.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the usability of patient-implantable markers (Copper and Zinc-68 foils) under clinically relevant conditions for proton therapy range verification.
  • To determine optimal marker volumes for adequate PET signal visibility based on dose, material, and imaging parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Phantoms simulating biological tissues (balsa wood, beef) were embedded with Copper or Zinc-68 foils of varying volumes.
  • Phantoms were irradiated with proton doses (1-5 Gy) and subsequently imaged using a diagnostic PET scanner with varying scan times and delays.
  • PET/CT fusion images were analyzed, and marker visibility was scored by experienced radiologists; a linear model was used to correlate visibility with experimental factors.

Main Results:

  • Marker visibility increased proportionally with foil volume, radiation dose, and PET scan time.
  • A linear model successfully predicted marker visibility, enabling the determination of foil volumes required for adequate signal (score 3) at specific doses and scan times.
  • Both Copper and Zinc-68 foils demonstrated usability in both low and high-density phantom materials.

Conclusions:

  • Implantable markers made of Copper or Zinc-68 are viable for proton therapy range verification using conventional PET scanners.
  • This study provides essential data on marker volume requirements, paving the way for the development of practical, cost-effective implantable markers for clinical use.