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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Olfactory dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Li-Min Li1, Li-Na Yang1, Lin-Jie Zhang1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.

Journal of the Neurological Sciences
|May 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients show impaired olfactory function, with reduced olfactory bulb volume and gray matter in specific brain regions. Olfactory dysfunction severity correlates with disease progression and disability.

Keywords:
Gray matterMultiple sclerosisOlfactionOlfactory bulbTract-based spatial statistics analysisVoxel-based morphometry

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a common but understudied symptom in multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • The relationship between structural brain changes in olfactory pathways and olfactory function in MS is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between olfactory-related brain structure volumes and olfactory function in patients with MS.
  • To explore correlations between olfactory impairment, brain structural changes, and disease disability in MS.

Main Methods:

  • Olfactory function was assessed using a T&T olfactometer in 26 MS patients and 26 healthy controls (HC).
  • Brain MRI was performed to analyze olfactory bulb (OB) volume and gray matter (GM) volume in olfactory-related regions.
  • Statistical analyses compared MS patients and HC, and correlated olfactory function with disability scores (EDSS).

Main Results:

  • MS patients exhibited significantly higher olfactory detection and recognition thresholds compared to HC.
  • Reduced OB volume and GM volume in the parahippocampal gyrus (PCG), amygdala, piriform cortex, and inferior frontal gyrus were observed in MS patients.
  • PCG atrophy was more pronounced in MS patients with olfactory dysfunction (ODF), and PCG volume correlated with olfactory recognition threshold.
  • Olfactory recognition threshold positively correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores.

Conclusions:

  • Decreased OB and olfactory-related GM volumes are associated with olfactory dysfunction in MS.
  • Olfactory impairment in MS may worsen with increasing disability, suggesting OB and GM atrophy as potential biomarkers for disease status.