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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Updated: May 2, 2026

Modeling The Lifecycle Of Ebola Virus Under Biosafety Level 2 Conditions With Virus-like Particles Containing Tetracistronic Minigenomes
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Late Ebola virus relapse causing meningoencephalitis: a case report.

Michael Jacobs1, Alison Rodger2, David J Bell3

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Late Ebola virus relapse can occur in survivors, even months after recovery, affecting the central nervous system. This finding highlights the need for ongoing vigilance in Ebola survivors for potential new transmission chains.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Ebola virus (EVD) survivors face potential long-term complications.
  • Viral persistence in immune-privileged sites can lead to late relapses.
  • Late, severe relapses of Ebola virus disease have not been previously described.

Observation:

  • A nurse treated for severe EVD with high viral load experienced a relapse 9 months post-discharge.
  • The patient presented with symptoms of acute meningitis and had Ebola virus in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • Infectious Ebola virus was detected in CSF but not plasma.

Findings:

  • Ebola virus RNA was significantly higher in CSF than plasma upon readmission.
  • The patient developed progressive meningoencephalitis.
  • Clinical recovery was achieved with supportive care, experimental antiviral GS-5734, and high-dose corticosteroids.

Implications:

  • This case redefines the natural history of Ebola virus infection.
  • Late relapses in the central nervous system (CNS) pose a significant public health concern.
  • Continued surveillance of Ebola survivors is crucial to detect and manage relapsed infections and prevent further transmission.