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The pulmonary circulation is a vital system in our body that acts as a bridge between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. It serves as a transport network for deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and then returns oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.
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The systemic and pulmonary circuits are crucial components of the circulatory system, working together to transport blood between the heart, lungs, and the rest of the body. The process begins with pulmonary circulation, where deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk and arteries. Upon reaching the lungs, the blood becomes oxygenated and returns to the heart, specifically to the left atrium, via the pulmonary veins.
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Breathing, otherwise known as pulmonary ventilation, is the process of air movement into and out of the lungs. The main mechanisms propelling pulmonary ventilation are atmospheric pressure (Patm), intra-pulmonary (Ppul ) or intra-alveolar pressure (Palv) within the alveoli, and intrapleural pressure (Pip) within the pleural cavity.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
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Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For example, wind—the fluid motion of air in the atmosphere—can be represented by vectors indicating the speed and direction of the wind at any given point on a map. Another method for representing fluid motion is a streamline. A streamline represents the path of a small volume of fluid as it flows. When the flow pattern changes with time, the...
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All about compression: A literature review.

Magali Rezende de Carvalho1, Isabelle Silveira de Andrade1, Alcione Matos de Abreu1

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Journal of Vascular Nursing : Official Publication of the Society for Peripheral Vascular Nursing
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Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) significantly impact daily life and health systems. Compressive therapy is the gold standard treatment, requiring a thorough patient assessment including the ankle-brachial index before application.

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular Medicine
  • Dermatology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Lower extremity ulcers, particularly venous leg ulcers (VLUs), pose a significant public health challenge.
  • These ulcers often become chronic, severely affecting patients' daily activities, comfort, and leading to substantial healthcare costs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the optimal management approach for venous leg ulcers (VLUs).

Main Methods:

  • Conducted comprehensive online literature searches across major databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL).
  • Included analysis of reference lists and official clinical guidelines.
  • Utilized keywords such as VLU, leg ulcer, varicose ulcer, compressive therapy, compression, and stocking.

Main Results:

  • A complete patient assessment by a trained practitioner is crucial, encompassing medical history (diabetes, hypertension), lifestyle, and physical examination of the legs.
  • Compressive therapy is identified as the gold standard treatment for VLUs.
  • Measurement of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) is recommended for all patients prior to initiating compression therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of VLUs necessitates a holistic patient assessment.
  • Compressive therapy remains the cornerstone of VLU treatment.
  • Pre-treatment ABI measurement is essential to ensure safe and effective compression therapy application.