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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Heterochromatin02:38

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...
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Histone availability as a strategy to control gene expression.

Félix Prado1, Silvia Jimeno-González1, José C Reyes1

  • 1a Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Seville , Spain.

RNA Biology
|May 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Reduced levels of canonical histones in human cells create open chromatin, increasing RNA polymerase II elongation and causing splicing defects. This programmed histone reduction may control gene expression during aging and senescence.

Keywords:
AgingDNA damageRNA splicinghistonestranscription

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Histone proteins are crucial for chromatin structure and gene regulation.
  • Canonical histone gene expression is tightly regulated during the cell cycle to ensure proper DNA replication and histone deposition.
  • Histone depletion or chromatin assembly defects can lead to genetic instability and altered gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of moderate canonical histone depletion in human cells.
  • To understand the impact of altered histone levels on chromatin structure, gene elongation, and splicing.
  • To compare induced histone depletion with naturally occurring processes in senescence and aging.

Main Methods:

  • Induction of moderate canonical histone depletion in human cells.
  • Analysis of chromatin configuration.
  • Measurement of RNA polymerase II elongation rates.
  • Assessment of pre-mRNA splicing fidelity.

Main Results:

  • Moderate histone depletion resulted in an open chromatin configuration.
  • Increased RNA polymerase II elongation rates were observed.
  • Defects in pre-mRNA splicing were identified.
  • Some observed defects mirrored those in senescence and aging processes.

Conclusions:

  • Programmed reduction of canonical histones can lead to open chromatin and altered gene expression dynamics.
  • These findings suggest a potential role for histone level control in physiological processes like senescence and aging.
  • Histone depletion may represent a regulatory mechanism for gene expression during specific cellular states.