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Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
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The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
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The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...
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Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
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Hypoglossal nerve palsy: 245 cases.

Amro M Stino1, Benn E Smith2, Mohamed Temkit2

  • 1Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, 395 West 12th Avenue, 7th Floor, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.

Muscle & Nerve
|May 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study identified common causes of cranial nerve XII (CN XII) palsy, finding male gender and a history of cancer predict neoplastic causes. This research provides valuable insights into CN XII palsy etiology.

Keywords:
cranial nerve palsydysarthriadysphagiahypoglossal palsymalignancymultivariate modelrisk factors

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Cranial nerve XII (CN XII) palsy lacks extensive large-scale retrospective studies.
  • Previous research includes a 1996 case series and smaller cohorts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify major etiologies of CN XII palsy.
  • To investigate clinical characteristics associated with CN XII palsy.
  • To develop predictive models for neoplastic CN XII palsy.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of 245 CN XII palsy cases from 1984 to 2014.
  • Analysis of historical and examination findings to confirm diagnosis.
  • Application of univariate and multivariate models to predict neoplastic causes.

Main Results:

  • Postoperative (29.3%) and idiopathic (15.1%) were the most frequent etiologies.
  • Neoplastic causes (primary and metastatic) accounted for 27.2% of cases.
  • Male gender and a personal history of cancer were significant predictors of neoplastic CN XII palsy.

Conclusions:

  • The study established frequent etiologies for CN XII palsy.
  • Identified key demographic and historical factors predicting neoplastic CN XII palsy.
  • Findings aid in diagnosing and managing patients with CN XII palsy.