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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

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Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

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Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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CNS depressants include drugs from the category of barbiturates and benzodiazepines. They are valuable medications for managing anxiety disorders and insomnia. Barbiturates, once used to induce and maintain sleep, have been replaced mainly by benzodiazepines due to barbiturate's toxicity, tolerance, and overdose risks. They interact with GABAA receptors, leading to sedation at low doses and potentially coma and death at higher doses. Phenobarbital, a long-acting barbiturate, possesses...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines01:19

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

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Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the GABAA receptor, increasing its affinity for GABA, which opens chloride...
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Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Modifications in Sedation: An Update.

Deborah Weatherspoon1, Debra Sullivan2, Christopher A Weatherspoon3

  • 1School of Nursing Graduate Program, College of Health Sciences, Walden University, Washington Avenue South, Suite 900, Minneapolis, MN 55401, USA.

Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America
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Summary

Critical care nurses must understand obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and its risks with sedation. This review covers OSA pathophysiology, identification, sedatives, and airway support for safer patient care.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Nursing
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is linked to increased airway compromise risk.
  • Sedation in OSA patients heightens hypopnea risks.
  • Nurses require knowledge of OSA and sedatives for safe patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To inform critical care nurses about obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
  • To review sedatives commonly used in OSA patients.
  • To discuss adjunctive airway support mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of OSA pathophysiology and identification traits.
  • Analysis of common sedative agents and their effects on OSA.
  • Examination of airway support strategies.

Main Results:

  • Understanding OSA pathophysiology aids in identifying at-risk patients.
  • Specific sedatives pose higher risks for OSA patients.
  • Airway support can mitigate sedation-related complications.

Conclusions:

  • Nurses need comprehensive knowledge of OSA for safe sedation practices.
  • Tailored sedation and airway management are crucial for OSA patients.
  • Further research on sedative effects in OSA is warranted.