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Related Concept Videos

Asepsis01:28

Asepsis

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The condition of being free from disease-causing living pathogens is asepsis. Aseptic techniques include a set of standard practices to achieve asepsis. An example is the regular environmental cleaning of all parts of the healthcare facility and hand hygiene at home before preparing or eating food. Medical and surgical asepsis in healthcare practice protects patients from harmful pathogens, minimizes the risk of contamination of susceptible sites, and reduces the risk of infection transmission.
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Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

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The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
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Infection01:20

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

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Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
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Staphylococcal Skin Infections01:29

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

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Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression
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Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression

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Sepsis: pathophysiology and clinical management.

Jeffrey E Gotts1, Michael A Matthay2

  • 1Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0624, USA.

BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
|May 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Sepsis, a severe inflammatory response to infection, impacts the elderly and immunocompromised. Early diagnosis, antibiotics, and supportive care have improved sepsis outcomes, though research continues.

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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock are critical systemic inflammatory responses to infection.
  • Sepsis prevalence is high in aging populations, cancer patients, and the immunocompromised.
  • Severe sepsis can lead to multiple organ dysfunction and chronic critical illness with immune dysfunction and catabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of sepsis pathogenesis.
  • To discuss advancements in sepsis management and investigational therapies.
  • To highlight improvements in sepsis outcomes and supportive care strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of molecular, cellular, and organ-level sepsis pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of clinical trial outcomes for sepsis treatments.
  • Evaluation of supportive care improvements in critically ill patients.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress in understanding sepsis at multiple biological levels.
  • Investigational therapies are targeting sepsis-induced organ and immune dysfunction.
  • Overall sepsis outcomes have improved due to early diagnosis, fluid resuscitation, and antibiotics.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis and prompt, effective interventions are crucial for sepsis management.
  • Advances in supportive care, including lung protective ventilation and infection control, enhance patient survival.
  • Continued research into sepsis pathogenesis and novel therapies is essential for further improving outcomes.